potter



F. W. POTTER.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 19, 1917.

Patented Dec. 14, 1920.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Fig.1.

F. W. POTTER.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS.

APPLICATION FILED APR.19, 1917.

1,362,1 2, Patented Dec.14,1920.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

22 WVEWTUQ.

F. W. POTTER.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS- APPLICATION FILED APR. 19. I917.

1,362,182, v Patented Dec. 14,1920.

4 SHEETSSHEET 3.

F. w. POTTER.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 19.1917.

1,362,182, Patented Dec. 14; 1920.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4- v Wvavma I UNITED STATES PATENT" OFFICE.

FREDERIC W. POTTER, 013 LOS ANGELES,

CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR TO 'FITZ-EMPIRE DOUBLE PIVOT LAST COMPANY, OFAUBURN, MAINE, A CORPORATION-0F MAINE.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS.

Application filed April 19,

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, Fnnnnnrc WV. POTTER, a citizen of the United States,residing at Los Angeles, in the county of Los Angeles and State ofCalifornia, have invented certain Improvements in Lathes for CuttingIrregular Objects, of which the following description, in connectionwith the accompanying drawings, is a specification,'like referencecharacters on the drawings indicating like parts in the several figures.

This invention relates to the production of irregular objects frommodels, such, for instance, as last lathes, gunstock lathes, hat blocklathes, and pattern grading machines for producing patterns for shoes,gloves, or clothing generally. The invention is herein disclosed asembodied in a last lathe, but its scope is not limited to this type ofmachine, or to machines producing solid, as distinct from flat, objects.

The problem solved by the present invention will be described inconnection with the art of last making, but it will be found, as thedescription of the invention proceeds, that the invention has equallyvaluable applications in other arts, including those alluded to in thepreceding paragraph.

As is well known, lasts are turned from models in lathes adapted forthat purpose. A whole set of lasts may be turned from a single modelmade by hand by .a skilled workman, by the use of grading mechanismswhich effect desired pantographic reproductions of the model. The shoemanufacturer for whom the lasts are being made generally submits asample which is nearly what he wants, asking that certain changes hemade in it, and the model maker effects these changes in the last byremoving or adding material, in the proper places. This proceedingrequires much care and time, as a discrepancy amounting to 0.02 inchwill entail rejection. The resulting last, which will generally be awooden body with pieces of paper or wax sticking to it in variousplaces, will be used as a model in a lathe for turning out anall woodduplicate which will be prepared. in the ordinary manner to serve as amodel for producing lasts in quantities.

Often the changes required in a last in Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented'Dec. 14, 1920.

1917. Serial No. 163,275

order to produce the desiredmodel are systematic in their nature. Theshoe manufacturer may desire to have a progressive change made in theshape of the last rather than a series of local corrections. For instance, he may desire to lengthen some portlons of the last or toshorten others, or both. Take, for example, the moving of the ballbackward in the last. This will shorten the rear portion of the last andlengthen that grade or vary by definite amounts per size. The last latheas ordinarily constructed will produce a set of lasts, all having thesame width number, which will be geometrically similar solids, varyingin length by 1/3 inch per size. These lasts will vary by substantially1/4 inch per size in the perimeter at the ball, waist'and instep,

these three measurements diifering only 5/8 inch among themselves Manymanufacturers insist that the heel measurement which is taken aroundthe-heel and over the instep, shall grade 3/8 inch per size. On moststyles this measurement will grade 1/64: to 3/64 more than this, persize. The

shortening of the rear part of the last relative to the forepart whichcan be accom plished by my invention, will enable the last maker to cutgraded lasts from a model,

which shall depart from strict geometrical] similarity thereto in suchfashion that meas-' urements of the lastshaving a substantiallengthwisecomponent shallv grade more or less rapidly than required bysuch similarity. M It is a principal object ofmy inventlonto provide foraccomplishing many such results demanded by the customers of the lastmaker. More specifically, an important ob- 1 ject of theinvention is theproduction of a machine which ,Can be usedito reproduce a model on anon-uniform grade, that is, which will grade different parts of thelasts produced, at different rates. Such a machine, for instance, bygrading more slowly from the ball to the heel than from the toe to theball will produce the result of moving the ball backward, alluded to ina preceding paragraph.

A feature of the invention comprises a machine having model and workholding instrumentalities, and model and work engaging instrumentalitiesand mechanism for effecting relative movements between correspondinginstrumentalities in pairs, said movements having a velocity ratiovariable during the production of the work. These pairs may be formed asdesired. That is, they may comprise the two model instrumentalities andthe two work instrumentalities, or they may comprise the two holders andthe two engaging instrumentalities. The present procedure is to hold themodel and work motionless as far as the direction of length grade isconcerned, to produce a movement of the model wheel on the model and ofthe tool on the work, and to cause these movements to have anapproximately constant velocity ratio. Grading, however, can, forexample, be done by relatively moving the model and the work and alsothe model wheel and the tool, and effecting an arbitrary velocity ratiobetween these movements. The whole question of producing and gradingsuch objects as those dealt with by my invention being one of relativemovements between the four principal instrumentalities of the machine,the model and work holders (or holder), the model wheel or guide and thetool, I desire that my claims be construed as broadly as the prior artpermits, and that they be not restricted to an interpretation dependenton the particular form of machine shown in the drawing.

Another feature of the invention is a machine having model and workinstrmnentalities either for holding or engaging and means for movingthem at velocities having a variable ratio. Corresponding portions ofthe model and work are thereby dealt with at different speeds. A furtherfeature of the invention is a machine having model and workinstrumentalities and means for altering their distance from each otherat a nonuniform rate during the production of the work. By the operationof such instrumentalities work may be produced having a predeterminedlysystematic lack of proportion to the model.

7 A further feature of the invention is a machine having model and workinstrumentalities and mechanism for altering their distance comprising alever the advantage of which varies during the production of the work. Anon-uniformity in the change of relation between those instrumentalitiesduring the work production is thereby produced.

Another feature of the invention is a machine having a model or workinstrumentality which has accelerated movement during the production ofthe work. A non-uniformity of grading action may be produced by thismeans. The acceleration may be positive or negative.

Another feature of the invention is a machine comprising model and workholding instrumentalities, model and work engaging instrumentalities,and means for effecting relative movements between correspondinginstrumentalities in pairs, said movements havin a variable velocityratio during a portion of the operation and an approximately constantvelocity ratio during a portion of the operation.

The present invention may be regarded from still another point of view.The ordi nary pattern copying machine may be regarded broadly as amachine for separately reproducing and then recombining a series ofdifierential elements of the model, according to some (generallypantographic) law. In the last lathe, these elements are thetransversely extending vertical slices or laminae into which a modellast may be conceived as divided. These reproduced differential elementsare arranged in the work in a relation corresponding geometrically intwo respects to that of their prototypes in the model, viz., (1) thedistances between the reproduced elements are proportional to thedistances between their prototypes in the model, and (2) their relationsconsidered transversely to the direction in which their relativedistances are measured correspond geometrically to those of theirprototypes. The function of the pattern reproducing machine, asheretofore understood, has been substantially merely that of geometricreproduction of the model, and this is said without failure to recognizethe fact that the work of the machine had certain distinctnongeometrical characteristics as shown, for example, in the treatmentof seam allowances in the production of shoe upper patterns upon thepattern grading machine and in certain practices in width grading uponthe last latheinvolving anomalous adjustments of the model wheel (sothat, for example, the front faces of the model wheel and cutter wouldnot come into the axis of rotation in the swing frame at the same time).The reproduction of the differential elements of the model, even thoughit might itself be non-pantographic (non-geometric), effectedsubstantial differences only in size, as distinguished from shape orstyle, owing to the fact that the reproduced differential elements werecombined in the work, as

stated, in an aggregate having a geometric similarity to thecorresponding aggregate of differential elements of the model. Thepresent invention providesbroadly, entirely aside from the law ofindividual reproduction of the differential elements, fora dis tinctlynon-geometric relation between the arrangement of these elements in thework as compared with that of their model prototypes, thereby effectingdistinct changes in shape and style as distinguished from size, andconsequently bringing about large savings in the matter of model makingwhich,

as heretofore practised, has been a very expensive hand laborproposition. In the machine shown, the distances between the reproducedelements are rendered non-proportional to the corresponding distances inthe model by a non-uniformly acting length grading mechanism. While Ihave selected this type of re-arrangement of the reproduced elements forillustrative purposes, this does not import a limitation of theinvention to this particular embodiment as the invention may be carriedout in other ways, for example, by sliding the reproduced elements uponone another as described in the application of L. B. Vhipple, entitledManufacture of articles having a systematic resemblance to a pattern,Ser. No. 185,104, filed Aug. 8, 1917, renewed as Ser. No. 252,122, filedAug. 30, 1918.

Another important feature of'iny invention resides in the provision ofconvertibility. My machine can be adjusted so that its actioncorresponds exactly to that of the commercial machines at present inuse. It can thus be converted from an ordinarily grading machine to anon-uniformly grading machine, and can therefore be kept running all thetime at one kind of work or the other. I

These and other features of the invention comprising variouscombinations and arrangements of parts will be best understood andappreciated from the following description of a preferred embodimentthereof in a last making machine selected for purposes of illustrationand shown in the accompanying drawings in which,

Figure 1 is a front elevation of the machine;

Fig. 2 is a plan, partially in section, of

the novel 'rading mechanism;

Fig. 3 is a front elevation of a portion of the grading mechanism v Fig.4 is an enlarged sectional plan of a portion of the grading mechanismtaken on the line 4-4 of Fig. 1;

6-6 of Fig. 3; a

Figs. 7 to 12' inclusive are diagrammatic 'Fig. 5 is a section'on theline 55 of Fig. 3;

Fi 6 is a sectional elevatlon on the line a purpose which willappearlater.

illustrations of the operation of the machine,

with a different adjustment.

The main frame 2, the swing frame 4, the width grading mechanism 5,'thecutter carriage 6, the model wheel carriage 8 and the driving mechanismfor the model and the block and the carriages are all of ordinaryconstruction and need not be further de scribed. The cutter 14 isdirectly geared to the shaft of a motor 16 in order thatit may berevolved at a very high speed and be free from vibration due to belttransmission and is of peculiar construction having its axis of rotationincllned toward and with the direction of travel of the cutter carriage.The

model wheel 18 is a spherical ball correspending in dimensions to thenose of the cutter 14. The model wheel and cutter form no part ofthepresent invention and need not'be further described.

Mounted on the frame of the'machine is a bar 20 which extends dlagonallydown ward and is braced to the frame by a hori- .Zontal'brace 22.Adjustably clamped to this bar by means of the bolts 24 and a plate 25is a member 26 having in it a vertical slideway 28. In this slideway aslide 30 is arranged for free vertical movement, and has mounted in it astud 32. The stud 32 has an enlarged bearing portion 34 adaptedtoreceive pivotally the end of a link 36 the pur pose of which will bedescribed later. Next to the link 36 on the stud 32 is pivotally mounteda radius block 38 in which is fixedly mounted a stud 40. The stud 40 isthreaded and carries a nut 42 the purpose of which is to clamp thelength grading lever 44 tightly to the radiusblock 38. The studs 40' and32 extend through a long slot 46in the gradinglever. The stud32 has onits end a nut 48 which draws the members 44 and 38 against the. shoulderon the bearing 34, though not so tightly as to prevent pivotal movementthere, This construction permits the lever 44 to be adjusted up and downand to have, at the same time, a pivotal movement about the center ofthe stud 32,

the leverbeing clamped firmly to the radius block 38 and the radiusblock rotating upon the stud 32.

The upper end of the lever 44 is slotted front and back, and in the rearslot 50 carries a slidably mounted block 52. A thumb screw 54 isprovided for clamping the block 52 in any adjusted position in the slot50-for front slot 56 in the lever carries a block 58 which may beadjustably clamped therein by the thumb screw 60 mounted in a U- shapedclamp 61 extending aroundthe lever :44. .Pivotally mounted in the block52 is The a stud 62 which is fixedly mounted in the model wheel carriage8. The block 58 carries a stud 64 upon which is pivotally mounted theend of a link 66 having a length adjustment at 68 and pivotally mountedat its other end upon a stud 7O fixedly mounted in the cutter carriage."

Pivotally mounted at 71 upon a block 72 which is slidably adjustable ona bar 73 mounted on the main frame and extending parallel to the bar 20,is a segment 74 having a slot 76. This slot is preferably an arc of acircle passing through the point 71. Slidably and adjustably mounted inthis slot is a block 78 to which is pivotally con nected at 79 the upperend of the link 36 before mentioned. The link 36 has a length adjustmentat 80. An upwardly projecting arm 81 of the segment carries two ears 82and 84 so arranged as to be vertically movable on guides 86 and spacedat such a distance that a stud on some part of the power drivenmechanism which may conveniently.

be the stud 62 just fits between them when they are both projectingupwardly from the arm 81 in their uppermost positions on the guides 86.The bolts 88 clamp them in adjusted position on these guides.

Two adjustable stops 90 and 92 are arranged for sliding horizontaladjustment on the main frame by means of the bolts 94 and are arrangedto contact the arm 81 of the segment when suitably positioned. Theirrange of adjustment is sufficient to permit their being placed out ofthe normal path of the segment arm 81 when desired. A spring 96 isarranged to be connected to either of two hooks 98 at the ends of thesegment and to the bottom of the bar 20.

It is contemplated that all the adjustments of the lathe will besupplied with conveniently graduated scales to facilitate their use.Such scales may be interchangeable for different sorts of work. Theirgraduation may be largely empirical.

If it is desired, for instance, to make a last similar to a given model,but in which the length is graded at a progressivly slower rate from thetoe to the heel, the block 78 will be placed in a suitable position inthe left half of the slot 76. The thumb screw 54 will be loose and thethumb screw 60 will be tightly holding the block 58 in adjusted positionin the slot 56. The stops 90 and 92 are both slid back from the segmentand the ears 82 and 84 are extended, clamping the stud 62. When thecutting begins at the toe, the stud will push the model wheel carriageto the left by means of the link 66, the lever 44 and the stud 62. Thestud 62 as it moves to the left will exert pressure upon the finger 82thereby rotating the segment 74 about its pivot 71 in the ear 72. Thisrotation of the segment 74 will carry downward the link 36 which,through the bearing 34, will lower the slide 30 in the slideway 28. Thismovement of the slideway will carry downward the block 38 and the lever44 which is rigidly clamped thereto but is free to rotate about thecenter of the axle of the stud 32. As the lever descends, rotating atthe same time, it carries with it the block 58 which is rigidly clampedto it. The block 58, as has been remarked, carries the left end of thelink 56 at 64. It will be evident then, that the movement of the stud 62with regard to the moving center 32 about which the lever 44 rotates isupon an arc of continually increasing radius, while the movement of thestud 64 with regard to the center 32 is upon an arc of constant radius,the studs 32 and 64 having an invariable re lation to each other on thelever. In other words, the advantage of the lever as regards the studs62 and 64, is continually changing. It results, therefore, that themodel wheel carriage will accelerate or move to the left more and morerapidly as the cutter carriage moves to the left, preferably at uniformvelocity. It is thus apparent that equal segments of the block, measuredlongitudinally correspond to segments of continually increasing lengthon the model; or, which is the same thing; that equal segments of themodel, measured longitudinally, correspond to continually decreasingsegments of the block. The heel portion of the last cut will beproportionally shorter than the toe portion.

Figs. 7 to 12 inclusive illustrate this op eration diagrammatically.Fig. 7 shows the adjustment so made that the pivot 64 at the beginningof the turning is below the stud 62 on the lever 44. Fig. 8 shows thecondition of things when the turning has proceeded a short distance fromthe toe. The lever 44 has descended, because of the rotation of thesegment 74, carrying with it the pivot 64. Figs. 9, 10 and 11 show threelater positions in the operation. Fig. 12 shows in its upper line themovements executed by the model wheel carriage between the positionsrepresented by Figs. 7 to 11, and in its lower line the correspondingmovements of the cutter carriage. The points marked 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11in the two lines correspond to the positions occupied by cutter carriageand model carriage at the instants corresponding to Figs. 7 to 11respectively, the scale, however, being doubled in order to make theoperation more clear. It will be noticed that the spaces on the upperline are equal, the figures having been plotted to correspond to thequarter points in the length of the model. It is clear that the cuttercarriage between the points 7 and 8 has moved a shorter distance thanthe model carriage and that it is moved a still shorter distance betweenthe points 8 and 9 than has the model carriage and so on,

so that the grading of the last out grows progressively shorter from thetoe to the heel.' The ratio between the velocity of the model wheelrelative tothe model and the velocity of the cutter relative to theblock, or, as I have termed it in the appended claims, the velocityratio of these two relative movements, is a continually increasing one.In ordinary grading such velocity ratio is desired to be constant, andin reproduction of the same size the ratio is unity.

Figs. 13 to 17 show a corresponding series of positions obtained withanother adjustment of the parts and Fig. 18 illustrates thecorresponding movements of the cutter and model carriages. This seriesof figures shows how a last may be out having the same over-all lengthas the model but graded longer at the toe and shorter at the heel, the

notation and scales corresponding to those of the previously discussedseries of figures. It will be seen that the cutter carriage moves fasterthan the model carriage at the beginning of the cutting and graduallyslows down so that at the end of the cutting it is moving more slowlythan the model carriage, the arrangement being suchthat the over-alltraverse of the two: carriages is the same.

A result analogous to that described above, may be produced byanother'mode of operation of my lathe, which more nearly re- 'semblesthe operation of the machine heretofore known. The screw 54; is set,firmly clamping the block 52 in the lever 44, which thus becomessuspended from the model wheel carriage as under the ordinarypracscribed, but the link 36 will now carry 7 downward only the pivot 32when the slide 30 descends. This will cause both the studs 62 and 64 tomove relative to the center upon arcs of continually increasing radiiand so that the ratio of the radii will be continually changing. Theadvantage of the lever relative to the studs is therefore variableduring the last-cutting, but in a different manner.

The two radii become more and more nearly equal as the cutting proceeds,and with the particular adjustment described, the cutter carriagetherefore moves slower than the model wheel carriage, but gainsconstantly in velocity relative to it. The. result is then opposite tothat of the first described operation. A result like the former in kindbut differing in degree can of course be obtained by shifting the block78 to the other side of the segment-74.-

In this connection a valuable application of my invention to theturning-oflasts as vention.

distinct from models, may be described.

models, this measurement will increase more than 3/8inch per size whenthe cutting is done inthe ordinary last lathe. It is clear that theshortening of the rear part of the last and the correspondinglengthening of the forepart accomplished by my invention willmeet thisdifiiculty, since the girth measurements at the ball, waist and instepwill be unaffected. I accomplish the desired result as: follows: i

The stud 64: is adjusted above .the stud 62, which will be assumedfixedin the lever, the fulcrum 32 consequently being arranged to slidein the lever, and the link 36'is placed on the left as shown in Fig. 3.Inthe or dinary Gilman lathe the length grading scale is graduated 7/8inch per size graded up or. down from the model. Denote by a thedistance between the pivots 62 and 32 when the lever 4E4; isvertical.(In ordinary turning with a 10 inch model this distance is about 261%inches); Denote by b the dis tancethe pivot 32-is dropped by the segmentmechanism, and by m the length of the model. Denote the 7/8 inchgraduation interval by g. Then, if the pointer is set up n graduations,for an n size grade, the average rate of magnification will be:

1 a- +ng cH-g rng and the length of the last out will be the grading ofthe last being 1/3 inch per size- This equation reduces to This givesthe relation between the quantities a, b, g, mwhich must be satisfied ifa wholeset of lasts are to be graded with the 9 scale, with theirforeparts graded longer than their rear parts by means of my in- Forinstance suppose a ten-inch model is being used; we substitute thevalues of m and g in the above and obtain a and I) can be changedsimultaneously by the adjustments at 7 9 and 80. The adjustment whichwill give the desired irregularity of grade will have to be found bytrial, as the value of b will be found to vary with different styles inorder to give the desired 3/8 inch grade in the heel measurement. Thevariations in a will be very small. If 7) equals 0, a equals 26% asstated above; if 6 equals 5, a is between 26.48 and 26.49. This changeis far within the limits within which the grading scale itself can berelied on. It is well known that the adjustments in a last lathe need agood deal of jockeying with models of different styles, and the abovedemonstration is to be regarded merely as a first approximation to anempirical solution. It shows, however that the solution ispossible.

Another mode of operation of the machine will now be described. Let theear 84 be dropped as shown in Fig. 3 so that it cannot contact .with thestud 62 and sup pose the stop 92 to be so adjusted that the spring 96holds the segment against it in the position shown in Fig. 3,theadjustments of the screw 54 and the nuts 42 and 48 being as in the firstdescribed operation. At the beginning of the cutting the stud 62 will bein the dotted position to the right indicated in Fig. 3. As the cuttingproceeds from the toe the stud 62 will move to the left but the segment7 4 will remain motionless since the stud 62 is not in contact witheither ear S2 or 84. The pivot 32 will remain motionless and the lever44 will simply swing about it. The stud 62 will of course move in ahorizontal direct-ion with its carriage 8 while the stud 64 will move ina circle of large radius around the stud 82 as center. The distances ofthe studs 62 and 64 from the stud 32 will not, however, change very muchduring this part of the cutting and the grading from the toe up to thepoint when the stud 62 comes in contact with the ear 82 will besubstantially uniform. When the stud 62 reaches the ear 82 the segmentwill begin to rotate and the rate of grade will begin to change as hasbeen described. A lathe when adjusted in this way will cut a last havinga substantially constant or zero grade in the forepart and having avariably graded heelpart.

By adjusting the screw 54 and the nuts 42 and 48 as in the seconddescribed operation, the lathe will grade exactly in accordance with thepractice heretofore known until the stud 62 picks up the car 82. Thisgrade will be more nearly uniform in its uniform portion than that ustdescribed.

It is possible, of course, by dropping both ears 82 and 84, to make mymachine the en tire equivalent of the ordinary lathe. It will thus beclear that my invention has produced an exceedingly flexible machinewhich embodies every possibility of the ordinary machine, and inaddition is capable of pro ducing a wide range of irregular gradingoperations.

If the stop 92 is moved to extreme rightmost position and the stop 90advanced to the right to contact with theupper arm of the segment, thecar 82 dropped and the ear 84 raised, and the spring 96 moved to theother side of the segment the lathe will cut a last which isnon-uniformly graded in the forepart and substantially uniformly or Zerograded in the heelpart. It has been proposed to mount interchangeablelast foreparts on standard heelparts, and the advantage of my inventionin connection with such a system of last making will be obvious.

While I have described and shown the cars 82 and 84 as placed inposition in the path of the stud 62 before the cutting operation begins,I regard construction in which an ear is automatically projected intoconnection with a power driven member at a predetermined time, as withinthe scope of my invention.

It will be evident that the spring 96'niay be used as the driving meansof th segment at all times, by placing it on the left side of the lever.The stud 62 will then merely control the movement of the segment.

A. few general remarks covering the adjustments of my apparatus may notbe out of place. It is well known from existing practice that the lastout is graded longer or shorter than the model according as the stud 64is above or below the stud 62 during the cutting. When the block 78 isto the left of the center 71, the pivot 64 will be lowered at a ratedependent on the distance of the block from the center 71. hen the block78 is adjusted on the right arm of the segment, the pivot 64 will beraised as the cutting proceeds. When the block 78 is centrally adjustedon the segment, there will be no vertical movement of the lever 44, andthe pivot 64 willmove vertically only to the extent compelled by purelycircular movement. The link 36 is shown of the same eifective length asthe radius of curvature the slot 7 6, but the adjustment 80 permits avariation of this length. The adjustment of the member 26 on the bar 20permits the placing of the pivot 32 at any desired distance from theother two fulcra of the lever, and thus has an effect on the rate ofgrade.

The purpose of the adjustment of the pivot corresponding to 82 in theordinary lathe along the diagonal bar 20 is to enable the operator toaline this pivot with the center of the model when the length of themodel is changed. It will be noticed that as the model shortens, thepivot, in following its center to the left, rises along the bar 20. Thiscauses a greater relative movement of the pivots 62 and 64 whichcorresponds to the greater relative diiferences in length between ashort model and its adjacent sizes, i

due to the fact that the total shortening per size remains 1/3 inch. Itwill be remembered that the relative position of the pivots 62 and 6%for the same number of sizes change in grade will be the same for ashort model as for a long one, since thesame adjusting scale is used onthe lever. It is therefore necessary to move the lower pivot.

The adjustment of the pivot 71 along the parallel bar 73 enables theoperator to keep the pivot 71 directly above the pivot 32 and alinedwith the center of the model.

t will not always be necessary to have these pivots so alined in modelmaking, and, in some cases such practice may be found inadvisable. Thisadjustment adds another degree of flexibility to the machine. Thefailure to aline those pivots with the center of the model will causeaninequality of action on the fore and heel parts of the last out.

Further, the lack of parallelism in the movements of the link 66 is ofconsiderable importance in my novel apparatus. When the link 66 isapproaching a horizontal position, t. 6., when the pivot6 l isapproaching the level of the pivot 62 from above or below, the stud YOhas a smaller movement in a given interval than the horizontal componentof the corresponding movement of the stud 64, and vice versa. All theeffects mentioned may be cumulative or differential, according tocircumstances, and the machine by proper adjustment, may be made toproduce a wide variety of results.

lVhile in this country it is the universal practice to mount the modeland the work co-axially at a fixed distance from each other and to gradeby controlling the movements of the'tool and model wheel relative to theblock and to the model and to each other, it is quite possible to cutand grade lasts by machines otherwise constructed. All that is necessaryis to effect a relative movement between the model wheel and the modeland between the cutter and the block and also a relative movementbetween two of these objects, one from each of the pairs. I intend thatthe terms model instrumentality and work instrumentality in the claimsshall be broadly interpreted to mean respectively either member of thepair which work on the model side of the machine, namely the model wheelcarriage and the model holder, and either member of the pair whichoperate upon the work side of the lathe, namely the cutter and the workholder. and that these terms shall not be limited to either specificmember of these pairs of operating instrumentalities unless required, inthe case of any particular claim, by the prior art.

As alread ointed out above this invention can be regarded from aradically different point of view. The pattern copying machine, variousforms of which are known for reproducing patterns or models of three orless dimensions, may be regarded funda mentally as a mechanism forfirst, reproducing differential elements into which the model may beregarded as divided, and, secall these magnified radii from thecorrespending pole in the block; 3, arranging all these reproduceddifferential elements in order with their poles in the aXis of rotationin the block and (b) so that their distances from one another parallelto the axis of rotation are proportional to the corresponding distancesin the model.

My invention can be regarded generically as reproducing differentialelements (the laminae of the illustration in the preceding paragraph)and altering their relative positioning so as to produce lack ofgeometric correspondence between the arrangement in the work and thearrangement in the model. problem dealt with by the present machine,with the machine as ordinarily arranged (with the cutter carriage feduniformly and driving the model wheel carriage through the lengthgrader), the reproduced laminae will be uniformly spaced in the workalong the axis of rotation (which extends substantially perpendicular tothem, and along which their distances from one another are measured) andtheir model prototypes will In that branch of the rarefactions andcondensations in arrangement. The want of. geometric correspond encebetween the two arrangements is ap- I parent. It is obvious that eitherarrangement may be regarded as out of proportion to the other.

I have usedthe term model wheel in generic sense, intending thereby'anymemher which follows the model in order to control the operation of themachine. In

American practice such a member is gen-' erally an idler wheel. I "Iwish to emphasize distinctly that although I have illustrated myinvention embodied in a last lathe length grading ap-- ferent points ona pattern to be fully within the scope of my invention, and I intendthat the appended claims shall be construed to cove any such machineupon which their terms read.

The term space relation as applied to the model wheel and model, forinstance, in such a machine, would refer to the varying distancesbetween the wheel and the axis of the model; whereas, in such a machineas I have shown, the term refers to the longitudinal traverse of oneobject on the other.

The action of the length grading mechanism as it has been disclosedherein is entirely independent of the action of the width grader 5;either may be used independently of the other, or both may be usedtogether.

Broadly, I believe any predeterminedly non uniformly acting oraccelerating grading mechanism on any machine for reproducing irregularforms, either plane or solid, which is covered by the appended claimswhen their terms, such for instance, as model, model wheel, block, work,cutter, last, cutting, space relation, etc., are given a genericinterpretation is included within the scope of the present invention.

The utility of the invention in connection with machines for making allsorts of articles intended for individual use, will be apparent. Theuser of a shot gun is as particular about the lit of his gunstocks as heis about that of his gloves. Thousands of golf clubs are made to orderevery year for the purpose of securing slight individual differences ofcontour in the heads. Individual patterns for clothing of all sorts, andartificial limbs may be satisfactorily and cheaply produced by means ofmy invention.

All the articles mentioned, among others, are produced on patterncopying machinery operating on the generic principle of the last lathe.

' Having described the invention, what I claim as new and desire tosecure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. A. machine of the class described having model and work holdinginstrumentalities, and model and work engaging instrumentalities, andmechanism for effecting relative movements between correspondinginstrumentalities in pairs, said movements having a velocity ratio whichis variable during the cutting of a last.

in a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, cuttercarriage, a model holder and a work holder, and mechanism constructed.and arranged to effect relative movements between the first and thirdand between the second and fourth of said instrumentalities, saidmovements having a velocity ratio variable during the cutting of a last.

3. In a machine of the class described, a

model model anism rel l i wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a holderand a work holder, and mechconstructed and arranged to effect ativemovements between the first and rd and between the second and fourth ofsaid instrumentalities, comprising a linkage the effective length ofwhich is variable nonuni ormly during the cutting of a last.

-l- In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, a model holder and a work holder, means forsimultaneously effecting varying space relations between the first andthird and be tween the second and fourth of said instrumentalities,corresponding space variations having a non-uniformly varying relationto each other during the cutting of a last.

. 5. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a work holder,and a model follower and a cutter, arranged to contact with a model anda block carried respectively by said model holder and work holder, andmeans for simultaneously carrying the points of contact of the model andfollower and of the cutter and the block along the model and blockrespectively, the ratio of corresponding movements of said points ofcontact being variable during the turning of last.

6. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a work holder, amodel follower and a cutter, means for carrying the point of contact ofthe model and follower along the model, means for simultaneouslycarrying the point of contact of the work and the cutter along the work,the velocities of the said points of contact having a ratio variableduring the turning of a last.

7. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel and a cutter, amodel and a lOCk, means for effecting relative traverses between thecorresponding members of the said pairs of instrumentalities and meansfor effecting a varyingly determinable nonuniform relative movementbetween the members of one of said pairs of instrumentalities.

8. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cuttercarriage, and mechanism for moving said carriages at a variable velocityratio during the cutting of last.

9. In a machine of the class described, a carriage and means for movingsaid carriage continuously in the same direction at a variable velocityduring the turning of a last.

10. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a workinstrumentality, and means for altering the distance between saidinstrumentalities at a variable rate during the cutting of a last.

11. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a workcarriage, means for driving one of said carriages and a second drivingmeans connecting said carriage with the other carriage, the drivingaction of said means havinga varyingly determinable non-uniform timerate.

12. In a machine'of the class, described,

a model instrmnentality, a work instrumentality, means for driving onelnStI'Uk mentality, and means connecting the two instrumentalities forsimultaneous movement,; said means having an effective length whichvaries non-uniformly according to an arbitrary law during the turning ofa last.

13. Ina machine of the class described,

a moving model wheel carriage, a moving cutter carriage, aninstrumentality connecting said carriages and means for eflecting arelative movement of the points at which said instrumentality isconnected to said riages and means for effecting relative movement onthis member between its two points through which connection is madetothe carriages, during'the turning of a last, in order to bring about anon-uniform relative movement of the carriages.

15. In a machine of the class described,

a model wheel instrumentality, a work instrumentallty, an angularlymoving member connected to both of these 1nstrumen-' talities, and meansfor effecting relative movement of the two points of connection on theangularly moving member during the turning of a last.

16, In a machine of the class described, a carriage on the modelside, acarriage on the work side, a member connected to both of these carriagesand means operated by one of the carriages for eliecting relativemovement between the two points of connec tion on the member during theturning of a last. V F

17. In amachine of the class described, relatively moving carriages, alength grading device for producing the relativemovement andmechanism'for varying automatically the grading effect during thegrading operation.

18. In a machine of the class described,

relatively moving carriages, a grading device for controlling theirrelative movement, and a mechanism for variably controlling the gradingdevice operated by the movement of a carriage.

19. In a machine of the class described, relatively moving carriages, agrading de vice for controlling their relative movement, and a mechanismfor varying the op-' eration of the grading device operated in timerelation to the progressive performance of the work.

tion of the work.

20. In a machine of the class described,

two carriages, means for operating them during the progressiveperformance of the work, a grading device for controlling their relativemovement,.means for variably controlling the grading device and a memberfor operating the controlling means are ranged for operation by acarriage during a portion of the operation of the machine.

21. Ina machine of the class described,

two carriages, means for operating them during the progressiveperformance of the work, a grading device for controlling their relativemovement, means for varying the operation ofthe grading device, meansfor operating the controlling meansand means for controlling itsoperation by the move ment of a carriage,

22. In amachine of the class described,

a plurality of moving carriages, a grading ,mechanism forcontrollingtheir relative movement, and a controller for variablyoperating the grading mechanism having a part constructed and arrangedto beproected into the path'of movement ofa moving part for actuatingthe controller.

23. In a machine of. the class described, a model Wheel carriage,acutter carriage, a drive for one carriage, and a connection between thecarriages comprising a lever the advantage of which varies substantiallyduring the turning of a last,

24. A machine of the class described havriages for varying the advantageof the lever during the cutting of a last.

26. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a workinstrumentality, andmechanism connecting themncomprising alever having afixed point of connection to each instrumentality, a pivot for thelever, mounted on the frame, andmeans for moving said pivot during 27..In amachine of the class described, a model 1nstrumental1ty,a workmstru-men:

tality a lever having two of its fulcra con nected to theseinstrumentalities respectively, and means for vary ng the d stancebetween these fulcra during the turning of o tality, and a grading leverbetween said in?- strumental1t1es, having a fulcrum connected to each,and having a fulcrum, fixedin the lever, on the frame of the machine,the

the producing model and work ,instrumentalities and- -means for alteringtheir distance co1npris- 5 ing a lever the advantage of which is varileverhaving a longitudinal movement and carrying said last-named fulcrumand one other, but not the third, therewith during said movement, sothat a shift of leverage occurs as between the two first-named fulcra.

29. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, and a lever pivotally Connected to each, said leverhaving a pivot moving toward or from a first mentioned pivotalconnection during the turning of a last to vary the advantage of thelever.

30. In a machine of the class described, a carriage on the model side, acarriage on the work ,side, and means for relatively moving saidcarriages comprising a lever rotatable about a fulcrum moving withrelation to the connections to the said carriages during the turning ofa last, to vary the leverage of one with reference to that of the other.

31. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, acutter instrumentality,a grading lever having two of its fulcraconnected to the carriages respectively, the distances between thesefulcra and the third fulcrum being variable and invariable, respectivelyduring the turning of a last.

32. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, and a grading lever between said carriages having threemoving fulcra, whereby the advantage of the lever as between thecarriages may be altered as it swings.

33. In a machine of the class described, a grading lever having threepivots moving in such manner as to vary the advantage of the lever asbetween the carriages, the movements of two of said pivots beingcontrolled by that of the third.

34. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, and a grading lever connecting the carriages and havingone of its fulcra operatively connected to one of the carriages formovement to vary the mechanical advantage of the lever as between thecarriages as the operation of the machine proceeds.

35. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, a grading lever having two of its fulcra connected toone of the carriages and its third fulcrum connected to the othercarriage, one of the fulcra being connected for reaction against themachine frame whereby one of the two fulcra may be moved independentlyof its movement in the line of travel of the carriage to vary theadvantage of the lever as between the carriages.

36. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a grading lever,two pivots connected to the carriages respectively, a

third pivot on the frame, and means for interchan eably adjustably orslidably connecting the lever to each of said pivots, whereby ordinaryor quite non-uniform grading action may be secured as desired.

37. In a machine of the class described, a pivot on the main frame,carriages on the model side and on the work side, a plurality of pivotsconnected to the carriages, respectively, and a lever arranged forslidable connection to two of said pivots, whereby, at the will of theoperator, the machine may be adjusted to grade in the ordinary way, orsystematically non-uniformly.

38. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a grading lever,two pivots connected to the carriages respectively, a third pivot on theframe, and means for slidably connecting the lever to each of saidpivots, whereby the lever may be rendered of variable advantage asbetween the carriages or ordinary in its action, at will.

39. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, mechanism operatively connecting the car riagescomprising a lever to which both are connected, and means independent ofthe connecting means operated by the movement of one carriage forcontrolling the relation of the lever to the carriages.

4-0. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cuttercarriage, a grading lever connecting the carriages, and means operatedby one of the carriages for varying the position in space of a fulcrumof the lever, whereby the advantage of the lever as between thecarriages is varied during the cutting of a work piece.

a1. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cuttercarriage, and a grading mechanism connecting the carriages comprising alever having a fixed fulcrum and controlled by a carriage, and a secondlever having two fulcraconnected to the carriages respectively, andregulated as to fulcrumage by the first mentioned lever.

42. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, and a grading instrumentality connecting said carriagescomprising a lever controlled by one carriage and a second leverregulated in advantage, as between the carriages by the first mentionedlever and a carriage.

43. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a workinstrumentality, a grading lever having fulcra operatively connected tothe instrumentalities respectively and means controlling another fulcrumfor effecting relative movement between the first mentioned fulcra.

4.4. In a. machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, a grading lever having fulcra operatively connected tothe carriages respectively and means controlling another fulcrumfor'moving one of the first mentioned fulcra along,

the lever. 1

45. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, a lever controlled by one of said carriages, and asecond lever suspended on the first lever, and operatively connected toboth carriages.

46. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a Workinstrumen tality, a grading lever connecting said instrumentalities andmeans for rotating said lever at a substantially non-uniform angularvelocity during the turning of a last.

47. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, a grading lever connecting said carriages, and meansfor rotating said lever at an angular velocity substantiallydisproportionate to the velocity of one of said carriages,

48. In a machine of-the class described, a model instrumentality, a workinstrumentality, a member connecting them and arranged to producerelative movement between them, and means for moving said member with asubstantial angular accelerationduring the cutting of a last to producethe relative movement.

49. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, a lever pivotally connected to each, and means forchanging the operative relation of the lever to the carriages comprisingmechanism for lifting said lever bodily during the turning of a last.

50. In a machine of the class described, a

iodel Wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a lever connected to each, aslide mounted on the frame of the machine, and containing a fulcrum ofsaid lever, and means moving said slide during the turning of a last.

51. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, a lever connected to each, anda slide mounted on theframe of the machine, and containing a fulcrum of said lever, said slidebeing operatively connected with one of said carriages for moving saidfulcrum.

In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cuttercarriage, a lever connected to each, a slide mounted on the frame of themachine, and containing a fulcrum of aid lever, and a lever controlledby one of said carriages and connected to said slide. a

53. In a machine of the class described, a plurality of movingcarriages, and a lever connecting said carriages constructed andarranged to rotate about a moving fulcrum fixed in the lever and notconnected't-o either of said carriages, and means for moving thefulcrum.

54. In a machine of the class described, a

plurality of moving carriages, and a lever connected to the carriages atdifferent points for altering their distance and constructed andarranged to move as a whole transversely to its line of action on thecarriages to alter the relative locations of its fulcra whereby itsadvantage is varied during the production of a workpiece.

55. A machine of the class described havcarriage on the model side, acarriage on the work side, and grading mechanism comprising a fulcrumonthe frame, a fulcrum on one carriage, a fulcrum connected to the othercarriage, and a lever carrying said latter fulcrum and arranged to beslidably or fixedly connected to either of the other fulcra. I I 57. Ina machine of the class described,'a model'holder and a model follower, aWork holder and a cutter, means for efi'ecting relative traversesbetween the members of each of said pairs of instrumentalities at anapproximately constant velocity ratio during a portion of the turning ofa last, and at a substantially variable velocity ratio during a portionof the turning of the last.

58. In a machine of the class described, a

model and a model wheel, a block and a cut ter, means for moving thepoint of contact of'the model and wheel along the model, and for movingthe point of contact of the block and cutter along the block,corresponding movements of said contact points having a predeterminedapproximately constant ratio during a part of the turning of a last anda substantially variable ratio during a part of the turning of the last.I

59; In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cuttercarriage, means for driving said carriages at an approximately constantvelocity ratio during av portion of the turning of a last, and at asubstantially variable velocity ratio during a portion of the turning ofthe last. i

60. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a workinstrumentality, means for driving said instrumentalities at'anapproximately constant velocity ratio during a predetermined portion ofthe cutting of alast and at a substantially" variable velocity ratioduring a predetermined 4 portion of the cutting of the last.

61. In a machine oftheclass described, a

model wheel. carriage, a cutter carriage and means for varying thedistance between said carriages at an approximately uniform rate duringa portion of the cutting of a last and at a substantially non-uniformrate during a portion of the cutting of the last.

In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cuttercarriage, and a mechanism connecting them constructed and arranged toalter its effective length at an approximately uniiorm rate during aportion of the cutting of a last and at a substantially non-uniform rateduring a portion of the cutting or" the last.

63. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a wor:instrumentality, a lever connected to them, and means for rotating thelever at approximately constant advantage durin a part of the turning ofa last, and at substantially varying advantages during a part of theturning of a last.

64 In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cuttercarria e, a lever connected to them at different points, and mean forsubstantially varying the distance between the points of connectionduring a portion of the turning of a last.

65. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, a grading lever connecting them, and having a point ofconnection with one of them. movable on the lever, and means forsubstantially moving this point during a part of the cutting of a last.

66. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, acutter carriage, lever connecting them and arranged to alter theirdistance by rotatin and means for effecting translational movement ofthe lever during a part of the cutting of a last, hereby the advantageof the connection to the carriages may be altered.

67. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a grading deviceconnecting them, mechanism for varying the uniformity of grade while thework is being formed, and means for rendering said mechanism inactiveduring a portion of the work forming operation.

68. In a machine of the class described,

two carriages, a grading device connecting them, mechanism tor varyingthe uniformity of grade while the work is being formed, and means forplacing said mechanism in operative relation to said device during apart of the work forming operation.

69. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a gradingmechanism connecting them, a mechanism for controlling the regularity ofthe grade and means for starting or stopping said controlling mechanismat a predetermined time during the work forming operation.

70. In a machine of the class described, actuating mechanism, tworelatively moving carriages, a grading device for controlling theirrelative movement and mechanism for controlling the grading devicecomprising an element arranged to be operatively related to theactuating mechanism at predetermined times.

71. In a machine of the class described, power driven mechanismcomprising two carriages, a grading mechanism for controlling themovement or" the carriages, means for controlling the grading mechanismcomprising a part constructed and arranged to be projected into positionto be engaged by a member of the power driven mechanism at apredetermined time.

72. In a machine of the class described, a power driven member, aplurality of moving carriages, a grading mechanism for controlling theirrelative movement and a control for said mechanism having a memberarranged for unilateral engagement with the power driven member wherebysaid control may become operative at a predetermined time.

73. In a machine of the class described, a plurality of movingcarriages, a power driven member, a grading mechanism for controllingtheir relative movement and a control for said mechanism having a memberarranged for unilateral engagement with the power driven member during aportion of the operation of the machine, and means for holding saidcontrol immovable during the remainder of the operation.

7a. In a machine of the class described, a power driven member, aplurality of moving carriages, a grading mechanism for controlling theirrelative movement and a control for said mechanism having a memberarranged for unilateral engagement with the power driven member wherebya relative pressure between the member and the control will govern thecontrol, and means for limiting the operation of such pressure at apredetermined point.

75. In a machine of the class described, power driven mechanismcomprising a carriage on the model side and a carriage on the work side,a grading mechanism for effecting inequalities in the movements of thecarriages, and a rate governor for the grading mechanism arranged forunilateral contact with an element of the power driven mechanism forcontrolling the movement of the governor, and means for limiting suchcontact.

76. In a machine of the class described, power driven mechanismcomprising a carriage on the model side, and a carriage on the workside, a grading mechanism, a rate controller for the grading mechanismconstructed and arranged to be contacted at a predetermined point by anelement of the power driven mechanism whereby said con troller may beset in action.

'77. In a machine of the class described,

power driven mechanism comprising a carriage on the model side, and acarriage on the work side, a grading mechanism, a rate controller forthe grading mechanism constructed to press against an element of saidpower driven meclianism in the direction of its length.

79. In a machine of the class described,

a carriage on the model side, a carriage on the work side, a grader foreffecting relative movement between them, and a device for controllingthe rate of grade, the grader and the controlling device being severallyadjustable longitudinally of the model.

80. In a machine of the class described, a carriage on the model side,acarriage on the work side, two parallel members mounted on the frame anda grader and a grader control adj ustably mounted on said membersrespectively, for controlling the relative movement of said carriages.

81. In machine of the class described, a carriage on the model side, acarriage on the work side, a grader constructed and arranged to effectsubstantially the same absolute variations between the work and themodel regardless of the size of the latter, and a rate controller forsaid grader constructed and arranged to effect its control irrespectiveof the size of the model.

82. In a machine of the class described, carriages on the model and workside, respectively, grading mechanisms for controlling the relativemovement of the carriages in two mutually transverse directions and arate variation control for one of the grad ing mechanisms operatingcontinuously during last cutting.

83. In a machine of the class described, model holding and model guldedmstrumentalities, work and tool holding instru mentalities, means foreffecting relative movements in more than one dimension be tween saidinstrumentalitie's in pairs, and mechanism for effecting a substantialvariation during the cutting of the ratio between the components,parallel to one di mension, of corresponding relative movements in thepairs.

84L. In a machine of the class described, model holding and model guidedinstrumentalities, work and tool holding instrumentalities, means foreffecting relative move- .ments in two dimensions bet-ween saidinstrumentalities in pairs, and mechanism for effecting during-the lastcutting a substantial variation in the ratio between the compcnents, ina fixed direction, of corresponding movements between members of thepairs. I

85. In amachine of'the class described,

two carriages, a grading device connecting them, and mechanismforvarying the uniformity of grade while the work is being formed. r

86. In a machine of the class described, amodel wheel carriage, acuttercarriage, and

a lever pivotally'fconnected to each, said leverhaving a third pivot,and mechanism wherebythe third pivot may be moved, if

desired, towardor from one of the firstmentioned pivotal connectionscuring the turning'of a last. I

87. A machine of the class described having model and work holdinginstrumentalities, and model and workengaging instrumentalities, and.mechanism for effecting relative movements between correspondinginstrumentalities in pairs, said mechanism having provision foradjustment whereby the velocity ratio, between said relative movementsmay be made systematically non-uniform or approximately uniform, asdesired.

88. In a machine of the class described,

model and ,work instrumentalities, and a grading mechanism controlllngthem and having provision for producing approxi-' 'mately geometrical orsystematically nongeometrical correspondence between their movements inthe direction of grade, as de sired, p

89. Ina machine of the class described, model and workinstrumentalities, and a grading mechanism controlling them, saidgrading mechanism being convertlble from approximately geometrical todistinctly nongeometrical performance, and vice versa.

90. In a machine of the class described, relatively moving model'andwork instrumentalities, and a grading mechanism controllingthe movement,comprising a lever the advantage ofwhich maybe rendered approximatelyconstant or distinctly variable. I i '91-. In a machine of the'classdescribed, a

model 1 wheel carriage, a cutter carriage,

mechanism connecting the carriages ,com-

prising a lever to which both are connected,"

and means operated by themovement of one carriage for-variablycontrolling the relative leverage effect; r

92. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cuttercarriage, a grading lever connecting the carriages, and means operatedby one of the carriages for varying the advantage of the lever.

93. In a machine of the class described, carriages on the model and workside, respectively, grading mechanisms for controlling the relativemovement of the carriages in two mutually transverse directions and acontrol for one of the grading mechanisms operating discontinuouslyduring the cutting of a last.

94. In a machine of the class described, carriages on the model and workside, respectively, grading mechanisms for controlling the relativemovement of the carriages in two mutually transverse directions and acontrol for one of the grading mechanisms operating continuously ordiscontinuously as desired.

95. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a workinstrumentality, and a grading lever between said instrumentalitieshaving a fulcrum connected to each and having a fulcrum, fixed in thelever, on the frame of the machine, the lever having a longitudinalmovement and carrying said last-named fulcrum and one other therewithduring said movement, but not the third, so that a shift of leverageoccurs as between the two first-named fulcra.

96. In a machine of the class described, a carriage on the model side, acarriage on the work side, and means for relatively moving saidcarriages comprising lever rotatable about a fulcrum moving withrelation to the connections between the two carriages to vary theleverage upon one with reference to the other.

97. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a grading lever,two pivots connected to the carriages respectively, a third pivot on theframe, and means for adjustably connecting the lever to each of saidpivots, which means includes possible relative leverage shiftingmovability for fulcra during the cutting of a last as between thecarriages, whereby ordinary or quite non-uniform grading action may besecured as desired. i

98. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cuttercarriage, a grading lever connecting the carriages, and means operatedby one of the carriages for varying the effective leverage as betweenthe carriages.

99. In a machine for reproducing solid objects, comprising four primaryinstrumentalities, viz., a model guide and a. model holder, a tool and awork holder connected for relative movements to reproduce the modelconsidered as an aggregate of difierential elements, such elements beinreproduced systematically in the work, means which, for effectingnon-geometric reproduction from the pattern as regards the relativepositions of such reproduced differential elements in the work,determines differences in condition of adjustment in the copyingmechanism at predetermined times during the reproduction.

100. In a pattern reproducing machine comprising four primaryinstrumentalities, via, a model guide and a model holder, a tool and awork holder connected for relative movements to produce the modelconsidered as an aggregate or differential elements, such elements beingreproduced systematically in the work, a grading mechanism havingvariable leverage upon a plurality of the primary instrumentalitiesduring the production of a work piece, whereby the reproduceddifferential elements are shifted'relatively toward and from one anotherto effect non-geometric reproduction from the pattern as regards therelative positions of such reproduced differential elements in the work.

101. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lasts which consistsin subdividing (in effect) the model into a system of differentialelements, reproducing each element according to a systematic law, andautomatically rearranging the reproductions in the work in order in arelation to one another which has a substantially nongeometric relationto the relation between their prototypes in the model.

102. T hat improvement in the art of pattern reproduction which consistsin subdividing (in effect) the model into a system of differentialelements, reproducing each element according to a systematic law, andrearranging the reproductions in the work in order in relativelycondensed and rarefied arrangement in different parts of the work, ascompared with their prototypes in the model.

103. In a pattern copying machine, means for holding a model and a workpiece, and power-operated means for systematically reproducing the work,sections of the model and shifting any desired portion of suchreproduced sections relatively to one another as they are formed.

104. In a three-dimensional pattern copying machine, means for holding amodel and a work piece, and a grading mechanism and connections forpantographically reproducing in the work sections taken from the model.and for automatically shifting such reproduced sections relatively toone another at a varying rate as they are formed.

105. In a three-dimensional pattern copying machine, means for holding amodel and a work piece, and means for systematically reproducing in thework piece sections taken from the model and for predeterminedlyshifting such reproduced sections nonuniformly relatively to one anotheras they ing machine, means for holding a model and I a work piece, andmeans for systematically reproducing in the work piece sections takenfrom the model and for shifting suchreproduced sections at anarbitrarily predetermined non-uniform rate as they are formed.

107. In a pattern copying machine, means for holding a model and a workpiece, a grading mechanism and connections for pantographicallyreproducing in the work piece sections of amodel and for relativelyshifting such reproduced sections relatively to one another, permittingan automatic change in the amount of relative shift at an intermediatepoint of the work.

108. In a threedimensional pattern copying machine, guiding and cuttinginstrumentalities, model holding mechanism and block holding mechanism,constructed and arranged to present a model and a block of theseinstrumentalities respectively in similar relations, and means forvarying the similarity of these relations during the production of apiece of work.

109. In a machine of the class described, guiding and cuttinginstrumentalities, model holding mechanism and block holding mechanismconstructed and arranged to rotate and present a model and a block tosaid instrnmentalities respectively'in similar relations, and means forautomatically'varyi-ng the relations between said instrumentalities andsaid model and block in time relation to the longitudinal production ofthe work.

110. In a last lathe, guiding and cutting instrumentalities, modelholding mechanism and block holding mechanism constructed and arrangedto rotate and present the model to the guiding mechanism in operationalrelation and the block to the cutting mechanism in a similar relationrespectively, and means for varying the similarity of these relationsduring the turning of a last.

111. In a last lathe, guiding and cutting instrumentalities, modelholding mechanism and block holding mechanism, constructed and arrangedto present a model and a block to these instrumentalities respectivelyin substantially parallel sections of the model differentially andnon-geometricallyshifted relatively to one another "perpendicularly totheir parallel. dimensions 1 1 1. That improvement in the art of copyturning which consists in automatically reproducmg in a work piecepantographic reproductions of successivesubstantially parallel sectionsof a model and shifting them relatively to one another differentially,the

rate of shift varying in different parts of the work. I

115. That-improvement 1n the art of manufacturing solid bodies whichconsists in presenting a blockto a cutter and a model to a guide,governing the relatlon between the cutter andblock by that between themodel and guide to reproducethe model section by section, and causingvariations in the relations between the four objects independent of thereproductional relative movement to effect a norrgeomet'ric relativeshift between reproduced sections, sa1d shift being substantiallyperpendicular to the sectlons.

116. In a three-dimensional patterncopy-' ing machine, model andblockholding instrumentalities, model and block followinginstrumentalities, means for causing relative movement between the blockand its following instrumentalities to effect a pantographicreproduction of the model providing for ordinary length grading, ifdesired, section by section, and connections for combining with suchmovement a movement effecting a relative shift between the reproducedsections. I I I 117. In a three-diniensional pattern copyingmach1ne,-amodel holder, a model wheel, a block holder and a cutter, the relationbetween the block holder and cutter being pantographically controlled bythe relation be tween the'model holder and model wheel; andmeansfor-effecting a relative movement between a said controlled and a saidcontrolling element to effect HOB-gGOHlGtIlC rela-' tive shiftingbetween differential elements in the reproduction.

118 In a three dimensional pattern copying machine, a model holder, amodel Wheel, a block holder and a cutter, the relation between the blockholder and cutter being pantographically controlled by the relationbetween the model holder and model Wheel, and providing for ordinarylength grading; and a driving mechanism for effecting a relativemovement between a said controlled and a said controlling element toeffect relativeshifting between differential elements in thereproduction.

119. In a three-dimensional pattern copying machine, a model holder, amodel wheel,

a block holder and a cutter, the relation between the block holder andcutter being pantographically controlled by the relation between themodel holder and model wheel;

and driving mechanism for causing a nonuniform movement of one of thesaid elements independent of its behavior incident to the pantographicreproduction.

120. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a model wheel,a block holder and acutter, the relation between the block holder andcutter being controlled by the relation between the model holder andmodel wheel; supporting and operating mechanism for relatively movingsaid elements to effect pantographic reproduction in arbitraryproportions in length and width, and a driving mechanism intermediatebetween one of said elements and the supporting and operating mechanismto effect relative shifting between differential elements in thereproduction.

121. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a model wheel,a block holder and a cutter, the relation between the block holder andcutter being pantographically controlled by the relation between themodel holder and model wheel, supporting and operating mechanism forrelatively moving. said elements to effect reproduction of difierentialelements and providing for relative separation or approach between thereproductions and a mobile connection intermediate between one of saidelements and the supporting and operating mechanism to effect furtherrelative shifting between differential elements in the reproduction.

122. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a model wheel,a work holder and a work contacting tool, supporting and operating meansfor these four instrumentalities constructed and arranged to causerelative pantographic reproductional movement including ordinary lengthgrading between the model instrumentalities and the workinstrumentalities respectively,

the relation between the work instrumentalities being governed primarilyby the relation between the model instrumentalities to producesystematic reproduction of differential elements of the model in thework, and driving mechanism for compounding with the normalreproductional action of a said instrumentality a movement to effect ashifting between reproduced differential elements in the work.

123. That improvement in the art of producing solid objects having asystematic resemblance to a solid pattern which consists in controllingthe relation between the work and a work contacting tool by the relationbetween a model and model guide to reproduce differential elements ofthe model according to a pantographic law providing for alteration insize in all dimensions, and efiecting a movement of one of the saidelements independent of its action incidental to pantographicreproduction to effect relative shifting of reproduced differentialmodel elements.

124. That improvement in the art of pro FREDERIC W. POTTER.

